Stack handling using multiple primary user interfaces

ABSTRACT

Generally discussed herein are techniques, software, apparatuses, and systems configured for managing a navigation stack of an application including multiple primary user interfaces (UIs). In one or more embodiments, a method can include providing data to multiple primary UIs that causes each of the multiple primary UIs to present a view of a plurality of views of an application state of the software application, receiving data indicating the application state of the application has changed, and pushing a workflow activity of the application onto a navigation stack, wherein each workflow activity includes data corresponding to a configuration of a view model module and a list of views associated with the configuration, the view model module provides the data that causes the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary UIs in response to the configuration being loaded on in the view model module.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/101,170 for STACK HANDLING USING MULTIPLE PRIMARY USER INTERFACES filed Jan. 8, 2015. The foregoing patent application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to the field of mobile device interface and, more specifically, to a user interface abstraction with stack handling that can overcome one or more of the limitations of a standard one-to-one touchscreen user interface paradigm.

BACKGROUND

Modern mobile devices (e.g., portable data terminals (PDT), personal digital assistants (PDA), etc.) may be used by workers in performing their job duties. The primary mechanism for interacting with applications on these mobile devices is the touchscreen (e.g., display and virtual keyboard). The development paradigm for these devices tends to focus solely on the touchscreen as the primary means of input and output (i.e., the user interface (UI)) with some applications including voice dialog as a secondary means of interacting with an application. This paradigm of interfacing with an application via one primary interface (e.g., a touchscreen) can be restrictive.

Therefore, a need exists for improved mobile device interface systems and methods, including but not limited to a user interface abstraction with navigation stack management that can overcome one or more of the limitations of a standard one-to-one user interface paradigm that focuses on the touchscreen.

SUMMARY

In one or more embodiments, an apparatus of the present disclosure can include a software application including a view model module, the software application configured to provide data to multiple primary user interfaces that causes each of the multiple primary user interfaces to present a view of a plurality of views of an application state of the software application, and a navigation stack module communicatively coupled to the software application, the navigation stack module to manage workflow activities stored on a navigation stack, wherein each workflow activity includes data corresponding to a configuration of the view model module and a list of views associated with the configuration, the data causes the view model module to perform one or more operations that cause the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary user interfaces simultaneously in response to the configuration being loaded into the view model module.

In one or more embodiments, a method can include providing, using a view model module of a software application, data to multiple primary user interfaces that causes each of the multiple primary user interfaces to present a view of a plurality of views of an application state of the software application, receiving, at the view model module, data indicating the application state of the application has changed, and in response to the receiving the data indicating the application state of the application has changed, pushing a workflow activity of the application onto a navigation stack, using a navigation stack module communicatively coupled to the software application, wherein each workflow activity includes data corresponding to a configuration of the view model module and a list of views associated with the configuration, the data causes the view model module provide the data that causes the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary user interfaces in response to the configuration being loaded in the view model module.

In one or more embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium (e.g., storage device) can include instructions stored thereon, that when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform operations including providing data to multiple primary user interfaces that causes each of the multiple primary user interfaces to present a view of a plurality of views of an application state of a software application, and pushing a workflow activity of the application onto a navigation stack, wherein each workflow activity includes data corresponding to a configuration of the machine and a list of views associated with the configuration, wherein the configuration causes the machine to provide the data that causes the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary user interfaces in response to the configuration being loaded in the machine.

The foregoing illustrative summary, as well as other exemplary objectives and/or advantages of the invention, and the manner in which the same are accomplished, are further explained within the following detailed description and its accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals can describe similar components in different views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes can represent different instances of similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a conventional application display system.

FIG. 2 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a multi-view system.

FIG. 3 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of application states of a generic application.

FIG. 4 illustrates, by way of example, an embodiment of a use case including a user using multiple primary UIs.

FIG. 5 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of using a multi-view system.

FIG. 6 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a multi-view system.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram of operating system stacks using the system to execute an application

FIG. 8 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of an embodiment of navigation stack states.

FIG. 9 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of an embodiment of OS navigation stack states.

FIG. 10 illustrates, by way of example, an embodiment of a visual view of an application that includes directing the user to perform a plurality of tasks.

FIG. 11 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of handling one or more stacks.

FIG. 12 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a system for application development.

FIG. 13 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a UI for application development.

FIG. 14 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method for application development.

FIG. 15 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a machine which may be used in performing one or more methodologies discussed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While embodiments of this disclosure can take many different forms, specific embodiments are shown in the Figures and will be described herein in detail with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as embodiments of the principles of the disclosure, as well as the best mode of practicing the same, and is not intended to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments illustrated.

Software applications for a mobile device can have a one-to-one relationship between an application state and an interactive view presented to the user, such as through a user interface (UI) (i.e., the junction between a user and the application). This one-to-one relationship can limit the ability of an application developer in adding another mode of interaction and can make it more difficult (or even prohibitive) to add another primary mode of user interaction. This paradigm of interfacing with an application via one primary interface can be restrictive.

Using this one-to-one paradigm, adding other modes of user interaction such as voice, scanning, or motion can typically only be achieved through supplementing the primary mode (e.g., the touchscreen) with a secondary mode. As a consequence, the developer is limited to the design layout of the primary mode. If the primary mode is unavailable, the additional modes of interaction don't make sense or are also unavailable. Creating an effective supplementary voice dialogue view can be difficult under these limitations. For examples, difficulties may be encountered when trying to allow more than one mode to be in control of the application's state at the same time, such as a visual view and a voice dialogue view.

Discussed herein are embodiments that can include a UI abstraction that can overcome one or more of the limitations of the one-to-one paradigm. The UI abstraction can be used to decouple an application state from a mode of interaction. Such an abstraction can provide flexibility and versatility to an application developer. By creating a UI abstraction, such as for input and output, multiple UI objects can be active and able to control the application's state at the same time. For example, a GUI (graphical user interface) and VUI (voice user interface) can coexist to interface with the application.

One UI view can be associated with one or more application states, and that view can be different than other views for that same application state. In this way, an application developer can define multiple, separate independent views for each application state and/or multiple primary independent user interfaces can be enabled. The dependency of the application to a primary mode of operation can be eliminated and the interaction mode of the application can be decoupled from the application.

Multiple primary UIs can be accomplished by associating multiple views with an application state, giving an N:1 view to application state ratio, where N is the number of primary UI views. Each specific view for a state can be active simultaneously. Each view can access the application, retrieving or sending information to or from the application. The information received from one view can be reflected in all currently active views. In an embodiment that includes both voice dialogue and visual views, there can be two views that have simultaneous access to the application (e.g., to have the ability to cause the application state to change).

What follows includes a discussion of a prior application display system followed by a discussion of a display system in accord with one or more embodiments. A discussion of how one or more navigation stacks can be managed and a discussion of some application development techniques are also presented.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a conventional application display system 100. The system 100 as illustrated includes an application 102, a primary UI 104, and a secondary UI 106.

As used herein a “primary UI” is a UI though which a user can directly alter the state of an application independent of any other UI. A “secondary UI” is a UI through which a user can input data into a specific field of the primary UI. The secondary UI does not alter the state of an application directly, but is dependent on another UI (i.e., the primary UI) to update the state of an application. Using multiple primary UIs, a user can directly alter the application state using any one of the primary UIs. Using multiple primary UIs, a user can deactivate (e.g., disable or power off) one of the other primary UIs and can continue to alter the state of the application directly using the remaining active primary UIs. In the case of a secondary UI coupled with a primary UI, if the primary UI is deactivated or disabled, a user will not be able to alter the state of the application using the secondary UI or the primary UI.

The primary UI 104 is required for a user to alter an application state of the application 102. The user can interact with the application 102 using the secondary UI 106, but only via the primary UI 104. For example, consider a mobile device that includes a touchscreen as a primary UI and a voice dialogue as a secondary UI. A user can speak a command into the voice dialogue, such as “get directions home.” The voice dialogue can then be translated into commands that are issued by the primary UI 104 to the application 102. If the primary UI 104 is deactivated or disabled, the secondary UI 106 will not be able to access the application 102, thus making it impossible for the user to interact with the application 102 using only the voice dialogue (i.e., the secondary UI 106 in this example).

Multiple Primary UIs

FIG. 2 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a multi-view system 200. The multi-view system 200 as illustrated includes an application 202 and a plurality of primary UIs 204A, 204B, and 204C. The application 202 as illustrated includes a plurality of view modules 206A, 206B, and 206C communicatively coupled to the respective primary UIs 204A-C. The view modules 206A-C are each communicatively coupled to a view model module 208 through the connections 212A, 214A, and 216A, 212B, 214B, and 216B, and 212C, 214C, and 216C, respectively. The view model module 208 is communicatively coupled to a model 210 (e.g., application logic) through the connection 220. The view modules 206A-C may be referred to in the industry as “views” and the view model module 208 may be referred to in the industry as a “view model.” The model 210 may be implemented as a module.

The application 202 can be any software application that can benefit from or use multiple primary UIs 204A-C. The application 202 can provide a workflow of instructions to a worker, for example. For instance, the application 202 can provide a workflow for diagnosing or fixing an issue with a vehicle or other equipment, picking merchandise from a shelf (e.g., in a warehouse, retail store, etc.), a video game in which a user can issue commands in multiple ways (e.g., using two or more of voice, a keyboard, a joystick, etc.), a data entry application, or a text editing application, among others. The application 202 can be embodied in the form of instructions stored on a storage device, such as a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), or a combination thereof, and executable by a processor of a machine.

The view modules 206A-C can provide data, such as through the connection 218A, 218B, and 218C, respectively, to the primary UIs 204A-C that cause the UIs 204A-C to render a view of an application state of the application 202. The view of the application 202 provided by the UI 204A-C can include, for example, a voice dialogue view, a visual view, or a combination thereof. The voice dialogue view can be presented to a user through a UI 204A-C that includes a speaker and microphone. The user can provide data, instruction, or confirmation to the UI 204A-C through the microphone and the UI 204A-C can provide the user data, instruction, or confirmation through the speaker. The visual view can include a UI 204A-C that includes a display and keyboard (e.g., a touchscreen and a virtual or hardware keyboard or a non-tactile screen coupled to a hardware keyboard), a printer that can display or print (on paper) one or more instructions, images, and/or other text and/or receive user input through a keyboard (e.g., keypad or touchscreen) coupled thereto, a monitor or other display (e.g., a remote monitor, a secondary monitor, a projector and projector screen, or the like), and/or a barcode scanner (e.g., a one-dimensional or multi-dimensional barcode scanner, such as a Universal Product Code (UPC) or Quick Response (QR) code scanner) that includes a display (e.g., a touch screen or non-tactile display) and/or a keyboard (e.g., a keypad, a virtual keyboard, or a hardware keyboard) coupled thereto.

The view module 206A-C is not required to provide both input and output. For example, a screen does not need to be paired with a keyboard, scanner, and/or touchpad for example. The view module 206A-C can provide output only, such as a screen, printer, speaker, Light Emitting Diode (LED), or the like. A separate view module can take input for the application, such as a touch screen, scanner, voice, pressure sensor, accelerator, temperature sensor, proximity sensor, or the like. The view module 206A-C may provide input, output, or both input and output for the application 202. The application 202 may have any number of view modules, none of which are in communication with any of the other view modules.

The view modules 206A-C can receive information from the primary UIs 204A-C and translate the information from the UIs 204A-C into a command and/or data to be sent to the view model module 208, such as by using the connections 212A-C, 214A-C, and/or 216A-C. For example, if a user enters data into a field using the UI 204A-C, the data received can be converted into a format compatible with the view model module 208. The view module 206A-C can indicate to the view model module 208 the field in which the data was added. The view model module 208 determines, using the model 210, an action (if any) to take in receiving information from the UI 204A-C through the view module 206A-C. The model 210 includes logic to determine a state of the application 202 (see FIG. 3 for a simplified flow diagram of application state logic, in accord with one or more embodiments).

The view model module 208 determines instructions (e.g., a request and/or data) to be provided to the view module 206A-C so that the UI 204A-C communicatively coupled to the respective view module 206A-C provides a view of the application state consistent with the current state of the application 202, as determined by the application model 210.

FIG. 3 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of application states 300 of a generic application, such as the application 202. FIG. 4 illustrates, by way of example, an embodiment of a use case including a user 400 with the UIs 204A-C. When the application 202 is launched and/or initialized, a welcome state 302 can be entered. The welcome state 302 can include respective views from each of the primary UIs 204A-C that are rendered by the view modules 206A-C. In the example of FIG. 4, the UI 204A includes a barcode scanner and a display the UI 204B includes a microphone and a speaker, and the UI 204C includes a touch screen and virtual keyboard. The UIs 204A and 204C can display to a user some visual indication that the application has launched, such as text or other graphic. The UI 204B can indicate to the user, through a speaker, that the application has launched, such as by announcing “welcome” or the like. The visual UIs 204A and 204C can indicate that the user confirmation is required to move onto the next application state 304 or the next application state 304, (i.e., select user) can be entered through a specified period of time elapsing since the application state 302.

The voice dialogue UI 204B can indicate to the user through sounds emanated through the speaker that a confirmation is required. After the user confirms using any one of the UIs 204A-C (or the specified period of time has elapsed), the model 210 can indicate that the application 202 is now in application state 304 (“select user”). The model view module 208 can provide data and/or a request to the view modules 206A-C that indicates a configuration of the view to be rendered by the UIs 204A-C. The UIs 204A-C can then provide respective views of the application state 304 “select user”. In the application state 304 the user can be prompted to provide identification, such as by providing a username or other identification. The identification can be provided verbally to a speaker of the UI 204B or through a user entering the information using a keyboard, selecting a user from a list of users presented using the UI 204A or 204C, or scanning a code using the barcode scanner.

In response to a valid username being entered, the next application state 306 (i.e., “enter password”) can be entered, such as by the view module 206A-C providing data indicating the username to the view model module 208 which can then update the model 210. The model 210 can then indicate to the view model module 208 what the next application state is, which in the example of FIG. 3 is the “enter password” application state 306. The view model module 208 can provide data and/or requests to the view module(s) 206A-C to cause them to render respective views of the application state on the UIs 204A-C. This process can continue so that the remaining application states—perform tasks 308 and logout 310—can be viewed and interacted with by a user.

If one of the UIs 204A-C is deactivated (e.g., disabled or powered off) the remaining active UIs can be interacted with to alter the application state. Using the system 200, the application 202 can operate independent of the number or type of primary UIs 204A-C coupled to the application 202. Any UI can be coupled to the application 202 as long as a corresponding view module is coupled to the view mode module 208 to drive the UI. Such a configuration allows for a variety of new and different UIs to be coupled to the application to provide views of the application state.

An application developer can configure a workflow activity manager module to enable or disable a view for each application state and define the view module(s) and view model module(s) associated with the application stat. A workflow activity is used to configure which view model module and view(s) is associated with a given application state. The view model module is independent of the view modules that are coupled thereto. The workflow activity manager can provide data to cause the view module 206A-C to enable/disable the associated view provided by the primary UI 204A-C coupled to the respective view module 206A-C. Thus, one or more views of the application state may persist across application state changes while one or more views may be disabled in response to an application state change. For example, a voice dialogue view can persist through an application state change, while a visual view may be disabled in response to the application state changing, or vice versa. If a view is disabled, the user can no longer alter the application state through interacting with the primary UI 204A-C associated with that disabled view.

The view provided by a primary UI 204A-C may persist (i.e., may not change) across an application state change while a view provided by another primary UI 204A-C may change across the same application state change. For example, using an application that includes filling out a form that includes multiple fields to be filled in by the user, the visual view of the form can persist across an application state change while the dialogue view of the application state changes across the same application state change or vice versa.

FIG. 5 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method 500 of using a multi-view system, such as the system 200. The method 500 as illustrated includes: providing first data to a first primary UI at operation 502; providing second data to a second primary UI at operation 504; changing an application state at operation 506; and providing data to change the view provided by the first and second primary UIs at operation 508. The operation at 502 can be accomplished using the view module 206A-C. The view module 206A-C can provide data to the first primary UI 204A-C that causes the first primary UI to provide a first view of an application state of a software application. The operation at 504 can be accomplished using a second view module 206A-C. The second view module 206A-C can send data to the second primary UI 204A-C that causes the second primary UI 204A-C to provide a second view of the application simultaneously with the first view.

The operation at 508 can be performed in response to the operation at 506 being performed. The operation at 506 can be performed by the model 210 using application logic to update the application state and providing the updated application state to the view model module 208. The operation at 508 can be accomplished by providing data, from the first and second view modules 206A-C and to the first and second primary UIs 204A-C that causes the first and second primary UIs to provide views of the updated application state. The view provided by the second primary UI 204A-C (i.e., the second view) can be provided simultaneously with the view provided by the first primary UI 204A-C (i.e., the first view).

The method 500 can include providing, such as by using a third view module 206A-C, third data to a third primary UI 204A-C that causes the third primary UI 204A-C to provide a third view of an application state of a software application simultaneously with the first and second views. The method 500 can include providing, in response to changing the application state, data to the third primary UI 204A-C (i.e., from the third view module 206A-C) to cause the third primary UI to provide a third view of the new application state simultaneously with the first and second views.

The views (i.e., the views provided by the first, second, and/or third primary UIs 204A-C) can include a visual view and/or a voice dialogue view. A visual view can be provided by a UI that includes a display. An input mechanism, such as a keyboard, scanner, or touch screen, can be used to receive information from a user interacting with the UI that provides a visual view. A voice dialogue view can be provided by a UI that includes a speaker. An input mechanism, such as a microphone and a voice recognition module, can be used to receive information from a user interacting with the UI that provides the voice dialogue view.

The method 500 can include receiving at the view model module 208, data entered using the first primary UI 204A-C. The method 500 can include providing data to the first and/or second primary UIs 204A-C (i.e., using the first and/or second view modules, respectively) so that the data received from the first primary UI 204A-C is presented in the second view (e.g., simultaneous with the data being presented in the first primary UI 204A-C). The method 500 can include deactivating the first primary UI 204A-C, such as by a user actively deactivating (e.g., powering off) the primary UI 204A-C or the application changing application state and the view model module 208 deactivating the view module 206A-C communicatively coupled to the primary UI 204A-C. The method 500 can include, in response to receiving data indicative of second data and a second command from a user interacting with the second primary UI 204A-C, changing the application state.

Stack Handling

Using a system with multiple primary UIs, the navigation stack of the UIs may operate differently than in a system that includes the one-to-one relationship between the application state and the UI view. Consider a multiple primary UI system where one of the primary UIs is a voice dialogue view and a “back” button is pressed. Using a navigation stack that saves only previous screen views, the navigation stack will cause a UI to provide a previous screen view, but not a repeat of a previous voice dialogue view. A different navigation stack handling technique can be used to help overcome this issue. A different stack handling technique can help the multiple primary UIs remain in synch.

FIG. 6 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a system 600, including multiple primary UIs 204A-C. The system 600 can be similar to the system 200 with the system 600 including a navigation stack module 602, a navigation stack 604, and an operating system (OS) 606 including an OS navigation stack 608. The navigation stack module 602 can manage the entries in the navigation stack 604 and the OS navigation stack 608. The navigation stack module 602 can push and pop entries onto and off of the navigation stack 608 and the OS navigation stack 608.

The navigation stack 604 can be configured to store a workflow activity as an entry thereon. A “workflow activity” as used herein includes data corresponding to a configuration of the view model module 208 and a list of views associated with the configuration. The data causes the view model module 208 to perform one or more operations that causes the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary UIs 204A-C in response to the data being loaded in the view model module 208. The data, in response to being loaded in the view model module 208, causes the view model module to provide data and/or a request to the view module(s) 206A-C to cause the view modules 206A-C to render a view on the primary UI 204A-C.

The OS navigation stack 608, which may not be present in all OSs, stores screen views displayed on a screen of an apparatus, such as a mobile device. FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram of operating system stacks 700 using the system 100 to execute an application, such as an application that includes the application states as shown in FIG. 3. In a system that includes a one-to-one relationship between an application and a primary UI, such as the system 100, the navigation stack can be designed to only handle the previously presented screens using the UI. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the OS navigation stack 608A reflects the state of the OS navigation stack 608 after the application 102 has been initialized and the welcome application state 302 has been entered. After the select user application state 304 is entered, the select user screen view can be pushed onto the stack, such as shown in the OS navigation stack 608B. If a user were to press the back button at this point, the stack would be in the state as shown in the OS navigation stack 608A by popping the select user entry off the stack 608B. The UI 104 would then show the view associated with the welcome application state 302 of the application 102.

The OS navigation stack 608C reflects the state of the OS navigation stack 608 after an enter password entry has been pushed on the stack 608B. The OS navigation stack 608D reflects the state of the OS navigation stack 608 after a perform task entry has been pushed on the stack 608C. In general, if a user navigates to the previous screen, the last entry in the stack is popped off and the entry prior the operation that was popped is reflected using the UI 104.

As was previously discussed, if a voice dialogue view, or other view, is added as another primary UI, the OS navigation stack is not able to reactivate the previous voice or other view. Without a new approach to this stack methodology, it can be difficult if not impossible to keep the primary UIs in synch as the application state is changed, such as by a user navigating to a previous view or interacting with the application to change the application state. The system 600 can approach the stack by capturing an application state change in a framework layer between the OS layer and the application layer and managing the OS navigation stack 608 and the navigation stack 604 from the framework layer.

The navigation stack module 602 manages the workflow activities stored on the navigation stack 604 and also overrides the OS navigation stack 608 to maintain consistency between the views provided the OS navigation stack 608 and the views of the UI 204A-C. The navigation stack module 602 can reside in the framework layer and manage the stacks.

In using multiple primary UIs 204A-C the navigation stack module 602 can maintain the stack (i.e., the navigation stack 604 and/or the OS navigation stack 608) such that each view provided by the primary UIs 204A-C are consistent with each other and the application state. Consider a first primary UI that provides a visual view and a second primary UI that provides a voice dialogue view. If a user navigates backwards in the visual view, the voice dialogue view should also present its previous view, such as dialogue previously presented using the second primary UI.

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate, by way of example, flow diagrams of embodiments of navigation stack states 800 and corresponding OS navigation stack states 900 using the navigation stack module 602. FIGS. 8 and 9 show entries on the navigation stack 604 and the OS navigation stack 608 using an application that includes application states as shown in FIG. 3. The navigation stack module 602 manages the OS navigation stack 608A to be consistent with the navigation stack 604A, the OS navigation stack 608B to be consistent with the navigation stack 608B, and so on.

The navigation stack 604A and the OS navigation stack 608A show the stacks after the application 202 has entered the “welcome” application state 302. In response to the application state changing to the “select user” application state, a select user entry can be pushed onto the respective stacks 604A and 608A, such as shown in navigation stack 604B and OS navigation stack 608B. The navigation stack 604C and the OS navigation stack 608C show the stacks after the application 202 has entered the “enter password” state 306.

The OS navigation stack 608C includes only two entries at this point, namely “enter password” and “select user”. The navigation stack module 602 can manage the entries on the OS navigation stack 608, such that at most two entries are on the OS navigation stack 608 for an appreciable amount of time. By keeping two or more entries on the stack, an animation or other transition between visual views of an application state can be displayed, such as to keep the user experience as a user might expect. The navigation stack module 602 can pop an entry off the OS navigation stack 608 and/or push an entry on the stack to manage the entries of the OS navigation stack 608. Note that not all OS 606 use OS navigation stacks. For example, iOS devices do not use a navigation stack. In such an instance, the navigation stack module 602 may only manage the navigation stack 604.

The navigation stack 604D and the OS navigation stack 608D show the stacks after the application 202 has returned to the “select user” application state 302. The OS navigation stack 608 can be managed, such that the current application state and another application state are stored as entries thereon at a given time. The OS navigation stack 608 can include an entry that corresponds to an application state that will be loaded in response to a user navigating to a previous application state using one or more of the primary UIs 204A-C.

In response to the application state changing back to the “enter password” application state 306, an enter password entry can be pushed onto the respective stacks 604D and 608D, such as shown in navigation stack 604E and OS navigation stack 608E. The navigation stack 604F and the OS navigation stack 608F show the stacks after the application 202 has entered the “perform task” state 308. The navigation stack module 602 can push an entry onto the respective stacks that corresponds to an application state that has not yet been entered by the application 202 (at least in the current session of the application). The unperformed application state entry that was pushed on the respective stack in the example of FIGS. 8 and 9 are “logout” entries. If a user were to navigate to a previous screen while the application 202 is in the “perform task” application state 308, the logout entry would be loaded into the view model module 208 and the OS 606 to provide the “logout” application state 310 view using the UIs 204A-C.

In one or more embodiments, a visual view can provide an event-driven interface, while a dialogue view can be used for directed application navigation. For example, a visual view can list a series of questions to be answered by the user, while a voice dialogue view can provide the user with one question at a time. If the next question in the list is answered by the user using either of the voice dialogue view or the visual view, then the next question can be presented to the user using the voice dialogue view. In such a case, the voice dialogue view and the visual view can become out of sync. However, some rules may be defined to handle a case in which the user answers a question out of order using the visual view.

One or more synchronization techniques between the voice dialogue view and the visual view can help overcome the synchronization issue. Since a voice dialogue view generally focuses on one item at a time, the visual view can include a highlight of the current voice dialogue view application state being presented, such as to alert a user which application state the voice dialogue view is presenting. If the highlighted item is disposed of by the user using the voice dialogue view or the visual view, the next item in the list can be highlighted in the visual view and presented to the user in the voice dialogue view. This provides an example of a visual view persisting in response to an application state change while a voice dialogue changes across the same application state change.

If the user disposes of a different item other than the highlighted item, then the view model module 208 can be configured to perform a variety of operations including one or more of: (1) disabling the voice dialogue view (e.g., temporarily disabling); (2) causing a sound to be provided to the user using the voice dialogue view, such as to indicate to the user that the previous item was disposed of out of order; (3) causing the voice dialogue view to present the highlighted application state to the user; and (4) causing the voice dialogue view to present the application state after the application state that was disposed of out of order in the list (or presenting a next application state not disposed of in the list after the application that was disposed which can include wrapping to the beginning of the list when the end of the list is reached). In one or more embodiments, the user can indicate via a voice keyword to re-synchronize with the other modes and/or which application state to synchronize at. An application developer can use a library application programming interface (API), for example, to specify how the application 202 and the navigation stack module 602 are to handle synchronization.

FIG. 10 illustrates, by way of example, an embodiment of a visual view 1000 of an application that includes a plurality of steps 1002A, 1002B, 1002C, 1002D, 1002E, 1002F, 1002G, 1002H, 1002I, and 1002J. Consider an application that includes a visual view that indicates to a user to perform the tasks (e.g., steps), such as the steps 1002A-J as shown in FIG. 10. In the example of FIG. 10, the user has completed steps 1002A-C and step 1002D is highlighted to be completed next. However, instead of completing step 1002D, the user has skipped to the step 1002H and completed that step out of order. The model 210 can be configured in a variety ways to handle such a situation. The model 210 can be configured to resume from an application state corresponding to the step 1002I, to the highlighted step 1002D, or can be configured to pause and not update the voice views until the user finishes all the steps, provides a voice command or otherwise resumes the application (e.g., by activating a button on a visual view), or a specified period of time has passed.

A sound indicating that the user has performed a task out of order can be presented to the user, such as through a voice dialogue view. If the user were to complete the step 1002J out of order, the model 210 can be configured to update the application state to resume at the step 1002D (e.g., wrapping around to the next uncompleted step). A user can provide a keyword command, such as “skip,” that causes data to be sent to the model to update the application state to cause the view model to load the view associated with presenting the next step in the application.

In one or more embodiments, the navigation stack module 602 can manage the navigation stack 604 and/or the OS navigation stack 608 such that at any point in the application state “performing tasks,” such as those described with regard to FIG. 10, the logout screen can be presented in response to a user navigating backwards using any of the multiple primary UIs 204A-C. In one or more other embodiments, the navigation stack module 602 can manage the navigation stack 604 and/or the OS navigation stack 608 such that at any point in the application state of performing tasks, the task most recently completed can be reflected as not completed in the primary UI(s) 204A-C and re-presented to the user. In such embodiments, if no tasks have been completed, the navigation stack 604 and the OS navigation stack 608 can be managed such that a logout application state is loaded into the view model module 208 and then the welcome application state is loaded into the view model module 208.

FIG. 11 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method 1100 of handling one or more stacks. The method 1100 as illustrated includes: provide data to multiple primary UIs (e.g., the UIs 204A-C), at operation 1102; receiving data indicating the application state of the application has changed, at operation 1104; and pushing a workflow activity onto a navigation stack, at operation 1106. The data provided at operation 1102 can be provided using a view model module of a software application. The data provided at operation 1102 can cause each of the multiple primary UIs to present a view of an application state of the software application. The data received at operation 1104 can be received at the view model module 208 (e.g., from the model 210). The operation at 1106 can be performed in response to performing the operation at 1104. The operation at 1106 can be accomplished using a navigation stack module 602 communicatively coupled to the software application 202. Each workflow activity can include data corresponding to a configuration of the view model module 208 and a list of views associated with the configuration. The data of the workflow activity can cause the view model module 208 to provide the data that causes the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary UIs in response to the configuration being loaded on in the view model module 208.

The method 1100 can include storing visual views to be presented using a display of the apparatus on an OS navigation stack 608 communicatively coupled to the navigation stack module 602. The method 1100 can include managing the OS navigation stack 608, using the navigation stack module 602, to keep the OS navigation stack 608 consistent with the navigation stack. The method 1100 can include, wherein managing the OS navigation stack 608 to keep the OS navigation stack 608 consistent with the navigation stack 602 includes managing (using the navigation stack module 602) the OS navigation stack 608 such that at most two visual view entries are stored on the OS navigation stack 608. The method 1100 can include, wherein managing the OS navigation stack 608 includes managing (using the navigation stack module 602) the OS navigation stack 608 so that the visual views of the OS navigation stack 608 are visual views from corresponding workflow activities and the visual views are stored on the OS navigation stack 608 in the same order as the corresponding workflow activities are stored on the navigation stack 604.

The method 1100 can include popping (using the navigation stack module 602) a workflow activity onto the navigation stack 604 that was not previously performed by the application 202 in response to the application state changing. Popping the workflow activity on the navigation stack 604 that was not previously performed includes popping a logout workflow activity on the navigation stack 604.

The method 1100 can include receiving data indicating that a user is navigating to a previous workflow activity (using the primary UIs 204A-C). The operation at 1106 can include pushing the workflow activity onto the navigation stack that was not previously performed, in response receiving the data indicating that the user is navigating to the previous workflow activity.

Application Development

FIG. 12 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a system 1200 for application development. The system 1200 as illustrated includes a workflow activity repository 1202, an application development module 1204, a view repository 1206, and an application model 1208.

The workflow activity repository 1202 can include an organized store of workflow activities that are available to a user in building a multi-primary UI application. The view repository 1206 can include an organized store of views that are available to be associated with a workflow. The workflow activity repository 1202 and the view repository 1206 can be stored remote or local to the application development module. The workflow activity repository 1202 and the view repository 1206 can provide an asset store of workflow activities and views that can be wired together and/or associated with one another to build workflow-based applications for any platform and with arbitrary views.

The workflow activities of the workflow activity repository may be linked to other workflow activities, allowing an application to be described by chaining together workflow activities. A new workflow activity may be created and stored on the workflow activity repository 1202, such as by an application developer using a software library description of possible aspects of the workflow activities. Each workflow activity can include logic and views for each supported platform associated therewith. A workflow activity may be used in more than one application. Linking workflow activities with transitions and views can provide an application developer a way to create an application.

The application development module 1204 can receive data indicating the selected workflow activities and views to associate with those workflow activities (as specified by a user) and produce the application model 1208 using the received data. The application model 1208 can be loaded into the model 210, such as to provide the functionality as specified by the user in developing the application model 1208. The application model 1208 can define application states so as to indicate state transitions. The state transitions can be dependent on a user interaction with a primary UI, such as a user speaking or typing a specific phrase or scanning a specified object, for example.

The application model 1208 can be bound to a primary UI at build time or run time. Using such a configuration can allow a variety of different UIs to be bound to the application. Such a configuration can cause the application model 1208 to build or run differently on different builds or runs. For example, if a first mobile device is being used as a primary UI, the application model 1208 can be built or run differently than if a different mobile device is being used as the primary UI. The different runs or builds can account for differences in the different primary UIs that can be connected to the application. In this manner, the workflow activities can be independent of the presentation layer of the application (i.e., the primary UIs), the modes of input and/or output, the platform running the primary UIs, and/or the other workflow activities. By binding the application to the presentation layer at run or build time, the different primary UIs can be used together or independently to alter an application state of the application. The application model 1208 produced by the application development module can include data defining an application including workflow activities, state transitions between workflow activities, and the associated presentation layer views. The data can be logged in a document that may or may not be editable, such as an XML or a Java Script Object Notation (JSON) document. This document can be considered an “intermediate representation.” An application developer can edit the intermediate representation document to alter the application. Such a configuration can help simplify business workflow application development. The XML document data can be converted into code and compiled further simplifying the application development process.

FIG. 13 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a UI 1300 that can be presented to a user developing a multi-primary UI application. The UI 1300 can include a workbench 1302 on which a user can organize workflow activities 1304A, 1304B, 1304C, and/or 1304D, define connections 1306A, 1306B, 1306C, 1306D, and/or 1306E between the workflow activities 1304A-D, and associate views 1308A, 1308B, and/or 1308C with the workflow activities 1304A-D. The workbench 1302 can include a list of available workflow activities 1310 and/or a list of views 1312 that can be associated with a workflow activity.

The Workflow Activities (WFAs) can be objects representing a given workflow activity, such that a user can select a WFA object from the available workflow activities 1310 and drag and drop the WFA object onto the workbench 1302. The user can then define the connections 1306A-E between workflow activities 1304A-D on the workbench 1302. The connections 1306A-E can indicate state transitions between workflow activities 1304A-D. For example, the connection 1306A indicates that the application is to transition from workflow activity 1304A to 1304B in response to some event occurring in the workflow activity 1304A, such as the workflow activity 1304A being completed. The connection 1306B indicates that the application is to transition from workflow activity 1304B to 1304C in response to the workflow activity 1304B being completed the first time. The connection 1306E indicates that the application is to transition from workflow activity 1304B to 1304A in response to the workflow activity 1304B being completed a second time.

The views in the available views 1312 can be objects representing a given view, such that a user can select a view object from the available views 1312 and drag and drop the view object onto a workflow activity 1304A-D to associate the view with the workflow activity. The views 1308A-C can include visual views, voice dialogue views, printer views, or other views that can be rendered on a primary UI. The views 1308A-C can be configurable, such that a user can define what is presented to a user when the associated workflow activity is performed. For example, if a view is a visual view, such as the view 1308A-C, the user can associate a graphic 1314A, 1314B, 1314C, 1314D, and/or 1314E (e.g., a picture, text, or a combination thereof, among others) with the view to define what is presented to a user when the corresponding workflow activity is presented. In another example, if a view is a voice dialogue view, the user can associate a dialogue 1316A, 1316B, and/or 1316C (e.g., text, a sound snippet, a recording, or a combination thereof, among others) that can be presented to the user when the corresponding workflow activity is presented. For example, when the workflow activity 1304A is presented to the user, the graphic 1314A and the dialogue 1316A can be presented to the user simultaneously. An input box can be presented to a user in response to a user selecting (e.g., touching on a touch screen, clicking using a mouse, hovering and pressing a button) the workflow activity 1304A-D, the graphic 1314A-E, or the dialogue 1316A-C. The user can then select a graphic, sound snippet, or enter text into the input that can be presented using the associated view.

The application model 1208 (e.g., the model 210) can include data defining the transitions between the workflow activities (i.e. application states). The view model module 208 can include data defining the views associated with the workflow activities defined by the user, such that if the model 1208 indicates to transition to workflow activity 1304C, the view model module 208 knows what views are associated with the workflow activity 1304C and can provide data to the view module 206A-C that causes the view module 208 to render a view on a primary UI 204A-C coupled thereto. The navigation stack module 602 can push and/or pop activities onto or off of the navigation stack 604 and/or the OS navigation stack 608 so that the stacks remain consistent with the developed application. For example, if a developer has indicated that if a user navigates to a previous screen while workflow activity 1304C is being performed then workflow activity 1304B is presented, the stack can then manage the entries on the stack(s) to include the workflow activity 1304B below the workflow activity 1304C on the stack(s).

The application model 1208 produced can include default rules that may or may not be overridden by a developer. For example, a default rule can include that when performing a workflow activity and a user navigates to a previous screen the previous workflow activity can be displayed or a logout workflow activity can be displayed. Other default rules can include the application model 1208 including a welcome, a user name, and/or a password workflow activity on startup.

FIG. 14 illustrates, by way of example, a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method 1400 of application development. The method 1400 as illustrated includes: receiving data indicating a plurality of workflow activities to be used in an application, at operation 1402; receiving data indicating a plurality of primary UI views to associate with each workflow activity, at operation 1404; receiving data indicating a connection between two of the workflow activities of the plurality of workflow activities, at operation 1406; and producing an application model based on the received data, at operation 1408.

The method 1400 can include presenting the plurality of workflow activities as objects that the user drags and drops onto a workbench of the application development environment and wherein the application development environment is configured to allow the user to draw the connections between objects on the workbench. The operation at 1408 can include producing an extensible markup language (XML) document description of the application model. The document description of the application model can be in another format other than XML, such as JSON. The document description of the application model can be in a machine-readable format. The method 1400 can include binding the application model to a plurality of primary UIs at run time or build time. The run or build of the application model can be different for different primary UIs.

The method 1400 can include receiving data indicating a first view to be associated with a first workflow activity of the plurality of workflow activities and receiving data indicating a second view to be associated with the first workflow activity such that the first view and the second view are presented simultaneously in response to the workflow activity being performed. The method 1400 can include receiving data indicating a dialogue to be associated with a voice dialogue view of a first workflow activity of the plurality of workflow activities and receiving data indicating a text or a graphic to be associated with a visual view of the first workflow activity such that the visual view and the voice dialogue view are presented simultaneously when performing the workflow activity. The method 1400 can include compiling the application model and/or loading the application model into an application.

As used herein, “automatically” means without human input or interference after deployment. For example, the view model module automatically providing data to the view modules that causes the view modules to render a view of a workflow activity on a primary UI means that the view model module accomplishes these tasks without human input or interference after the view model module is compiled and/or running. Any step of the methods discussed herein (e.g., the method 500, the method 1100, and/or the method 1400 can be performed automatically).

FIG. 15 illustrates, by way of example, a block diagram of an embodiment of a machine 1500 upon which any one or more of the methods discussed herein may be performed. In one or more embodiments, the primary UIs 204A-C, the view module 206A-C, the view model module 208, the application model 210, the navigation stack module 602, the navigation stack 604, the OS 606, the OS navigation stack 608, the workflow activity repository 1202, the application development module 1204, the view repository 1206, and/or the application model 1208 can include one or more items of machine 1500. Machine 1500 can be embodied as a computing device, providing operations of the application 202, the primary UIs 204A-C, the view module 206A-C, the view model module 208, the application model 210, the navigation stack module 602, the navigation stack 604, the OS 606, the OS navigation stack 608, the workflow activity repository 1202, the application development module 1204, the view repository 1206, and/or the application model 1208, or any other processing or computing platform or component described or referred to herein.

In alternative embodiments, the machine 1500 operates as a standalone device or can be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine can operate in the capacity of either a server or a client machine in server-client network environments, or it can act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environments. The computer system machine can be a personal computer (PC), such as a PC that can be portable (e.g., a notebook or a netbook) or a PC that is not conveniently portable (e.g., a desktop PC), a tablet, a set-top box (STB), a gaming console, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone or Smartphone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

Example machine 1500 can include a processor 1502 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), or both), a main memory 1504 and a static memory 1506, which communicate with each other via an interconnect 1508 (e.g., a link, a bus, etc.). The machine 1500 can further include a video display unit 1510, an alphanumeric input device 1512 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 1514 (e.g., a mouse). In one embodiment, the video display unit 1510, input device 1512, and UI navigation device 1514 are a touch screen display. The machine 1500 can additionally include a storage device 1516 (e.g., a drive unit), a signal generation device 1518 (e.g., a speaker), an output controller 1532, a power management controller 1534, or a network interface device 1520 (which can include or operably communicate with one or more antennas 1530, transceivers, or other wireless communications hardware), or one or more sensors 1528, such as a GPS sensor, compass, location sensor, accelerometer, or other sensor.

The storage device 1516 includes a machine-readable medium 1522 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures and instructions 1524 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 1524 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 1504, static memory 1506, and/or within the processor 1502 during execution thereof by the machine 1500, with the main memory 1504, static memory 1506, or the processor 1502 also constituting machine-readable media. The processor 1502 configured to perform an operation can include configuring instructions of a memory or other machine-readable media coupled to the processor, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor 1502 to perform the operation.

While the machine-readable medium 1522 is illustrated in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” can include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more instructions 1524. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any tangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure or that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with such instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable media include non-volatile memory, including, by way of example, semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

The instructions 1524 can further be transmitted or received over a communications network 1526 using a transmission medium via the network interface device 1520 utilizing any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), the Internet, mobile telephone networks, Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Wi-Fi, 3G, and 4G LTE/LTE-A or WiMAX networks). The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.

ADDITIONAL NOTES AND EXAMPLES

The present subject matter can be described by way of several examples.

Example 1 can include or use subject matter (such as an apparatus, a method, a means for performing acts, or a device readable memory including instructions that, when performed by the device, can cause the device to perform acts), such as can include or use a software application including a view model module, the software application configured to provide data to multiple primary user interfaces that causes each of the multiple primary user interfaces to present a view of a plurality of views of an application state of the software application, and a navigation stack module communicatively coupled to the software application, the navigation stack module to manage workflow activities stored on a navigation stack, wherein each workflow activity includes data corresponding to a configuration of the view model module and a list of views associated with the configuration, the data causes the view model module to perform one or more operations that cause the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary user interfaces simultaneously in response to the configuration being loaded into the view model module.

Example 2 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to include or use, an operating system stack to store visual views to be presented using a display of the apparatus, the operating system stack communicatively coupled to the navigation stack module, wherein the navigation stack is to manage the operating system stack to keep the operating system stack consistent with the navigation stack.

Example 3 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 2 to include or use, wherein the navigation stack is to manage the operating system stack such that at most two activities are stored on the operating system stack.

Example 4 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of at least one of Examples 1-2 to include or use, wherein the navigation stack module is configured to manage the operating system stack so that the visual views of the operating stack are visual views from corresponding workflow activities and the visual views are stored on the operating system stack in the same order as the corresponding workflow activities are stored on the navigation stack.

Example 5 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of at least one of Examples 1-4 to include or use, wherein the navigation stack module is configured to store a workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed by the application in response to the application changing application state.

Example 6 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 5 to include or use, wherein the workflow activity that was not previously performed is a logout workflow activity.

Example 7 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of at least one of Examples 5-6 to include or use, wherein the workflow activity that was not previously performed is loaded into the view model module in response to the application receiving data indicating that a user is navigating to a previous workflow activity.

Example 8 can include or use subject matter (such as an apparatus, a method, a means for performing acts, or a device readable memory including instructions that, when performed by the device, can cause the device to perform acts), such as can include or use providing, using a view model module of a software application, data to multiple primary user interfaces that causes each of the multiple primary user interfaces to present a view of a plurality of views of an application state of the software application, receiving, at the view model module, data indicating the application state of the application has changed, and in response to the receiving the data indicating the application state of the application has changed, pushing a workflow activity of the application onto a navigation stack, using a navigation stack module communicatively coupled to the software application, wherein each workflow activity includes data corresponding to a configuration of the view model module and a list of views associated with the configuration, the data causes the view model module provide the data that causes the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary user interfaces in response to the configuration being loaded in the view model module.

Example 9 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 8 to include or use storing visual views to be presented using a display of the apparatus on an operating system stack communicatively coupled to the navigation stack module, and managing the operating system stack, using the navigation stack module, to keep the operating system stack consistent with the navigation stack.

Example 10 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 9 to include or use, wherein managing the operating system stack to keep the operating system stack consistent with the navigation stack includes managing the operating system stack such that at most two visual views are stored on the operating system stack.

Example 11 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of at least one of Examples 9-10 to include or use, wherein managing the operating system stack includes managing the operating system stack so that the visual views of the operating stack are visual views from corresponding workflow activities and the visual views are stored on the operating system stack in the same order as the corresponding workflow activities are stored on the navigation stack.

Example 12 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of at least one of Examples 8-11 to include or use storing a workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed by the application in response to the application state changing.

Example 13 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 12 to include or use, wherein storing the workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed includes pushing a logout workflow activity on the navigation stack.

Example 14 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of at least one of Examples 12-13 to include or use receiving data indicating that a user is navigating to a previous workflow activity, and wherein storing the workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed includes storing the workflow activity that was not previously performed, in response receiving the data indicating that the user navigating to the previous workflow activity.

From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous variations and modifications can be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific apparatus illustrated herein is intended or should be inferred. It is, of course, intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.

Although a few embodiments have been described in detail above, other modifications are possible. For example, the logic flows depicted in the Figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. Other steps can be provided, or steps can be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components can be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Other embodiments can be within the scope of the following claims.

To supplement the present disclosure, this application incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patents, patent application publications, and patent applications:

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In the specification and/or figures, typical embodiments and environments of the invention have been disclosed. The present invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments. The use of the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The figures are schematic representations and so are not necessarily drawn to scale. Unless otherwise noted, specific terms have been used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. 

1. A system, comprising: a software application including a view model module communicatively coupled to multiple primary user interfaces; and a navigation stack module communicatively coupled to the software application, the navigation stack module configured to manage workflow activities stored on a navigation stack; wherein the software application is configured to provide data to the multiple primary user interfaces that causes each of the multiple primary user interfaces to present a view of a plurality of views of an application state of the software application; wherein each workflow activity includes data corresponding to a configuration of the view model module and a list of views associated with the configuration, the data causing the view model module to perform one or more operations that cause the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary user interfaces simultaneously in response to the configuration being loaded into the view model module.
 2. The system of claim 1, comprising: an operating system stack communicatively coupled to the navigation stack module to store visual views to be presented using a display; wherein the navigation stack is to manage the operating system stack to keep the operating system stack consistent with the navigation stack.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the navigation stack is to manage the operating system stack such that at most two activities are stored on the operating system stack.
 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the navigation stack module is configured to manage the operating system stack so that the visual views of the operating stack are visual views from corresponding workflow activities and the visual views are stored on the operating system stack in the same order as the corresponding workflow activities stored on the navigation stack.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the navigation stack module is configured to store a workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed by the application in response to the application changing application state.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the workflow activity that was not previously performed is a logout workflow activity.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the workflow activity that was not previously performed is loaded into the view model module in response to the application receiving data indicating that a user is navigating to a previous workflow activity.
 8. A method, comprising: providing, using a view model module of a software application, data to multiple primary user interfaces that causes each of the multiple primary user interfaces to present a view of a plurality of views of an application state of the software application; receiving, at the view model module, data indicating the application state of the application has changed; pushing, in response to the receiving the data indicating the application state of the application has changed, a workflow activity of the application onto a navigation stack using a navigation stack module communicatively coupled to the software application; wherein each workflow activity includes data corresponding to a configuration of the view model module and a list of views associated with the configuration, the data causing the view model module provide the data that causes the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary user interfaces in response to the configuration being loaded in the view model module.
 9. The method of claim 8, comprising: storing visual views to be presented using a display on an operating system stack communicatively coupled to the navigation stack module; and managing the operating system stack, using the navigation stack module, to keep the operating system stack consistent with the navigation stack.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein managing the operating system stack to keep the operating system stack consistent with the navigation stack includes managing the operating system stack such that at most two visual views are stored on the operating system stack.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein managing the operating system stack includes managing the operating system stack so that the visual views of the operating stack are visual views from corresponding workflow activities and the visual views are stored on the operating system stack in the same order as the corresponding workflow activities are stored on the navigation stack.
 12. The method of claim 8, comprising storing a workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed by the application in response to the application state changing.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein storing the workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed includes pushing a logout workflow activity on the navigation stack.
 14. The method of claim 13, comprising: receiving data indicating that a user is navigating to a previous workflow activity; and storing, in response receiving the data indicating that the user navigating to the previous workflow activity, the workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed.
 15. A non-transitory machine readable storage device comprising instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a machine, configure the machine to perform operations comprising: providing data to multiple primary user interfaces that causes each of the multiple primary user interfaces to present a view of a plurality of views of an application state of a software application; and pushing a workflow activity of the application onto a navigation stack, wherein each workflow activity includes data corresponding to a configuration of the machine and a list of views associated with the configuration, wherein the configuration causes the machine to provide the data that causes the plurality of views to be presented on the multiple primary user interfaces in response to the configuration being loaded in the machine.
 16. The storage device of claim 15, comprising instructions which, when executed by the machine, configure the machine to perform operations comprising: storing visual views to be presented using a display of the machine on an operating system stack of the machine; and managing the operating system stack to keep the operating system stack consistent with the navigation stack.
 17. The storage device of claim 16, wherein the instructions for managing the operating system stack to keep the operating system stack consistent with the navigation stack includes managing the operating system stack such that at most two visual views are stored on the operating system stack.
 18. The storage device of claim 16, wherein the instructions for managing the operating system stack include instructions which, when executed by the machine, configure the machine to perform operations comprising managing the operating system stack so that the visual views of the operating stack are visual views from corresponding workflow activities and the visual views are stored on the operating system stack in the same order as the corresponding workflow activities are stored on the navigation stack.
 19. The storage device of claim 15, comprising instructions which, when executed by the machine, configure the machine to perform operations comprising storing a workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed by the application in response to the application state changing.
 20. The storage device of claim 19, wherein the instructions for storing the workflow activity on the navigation stack that was not previously performed include instructions which, when performed by the machine, configure the machine to perform operations comprising pushing a logout workflow activity on the navigation stack. 